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Microprocessor Fundamentals

Start from zero and learn microprocessors, 8086 architecture, assembly language, buses, memory, input/output, interrupts, and programmable interfaces through interactive experiments and a verifiable system capstone.

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Microcomputer System Overview

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1.1 Microprocessors, Microcomputers, and Embedded Systems
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1.2 CPU, Memory, and Input/Output
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1.3 Stored Programs and the Instruction Cycle
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1.4 Buses and System Organization

Chapter 2: Data Representation and Number Systems

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2.1 Positional Number Systems
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2.2 Binary, Octal, Decimal, and Hexadecimal Conversion
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2.3 Unsigned, Signed, and Two's-Complement Integers
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2.4 Overflow, BCD, and Character Codes

Chapter 3: Combinational Logic and Sequential Components

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3.1 Logic Values, Gates, and Truth Tables
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3.2 Decoders, Multiplexers, and ALUs
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3.3 Latches, Flip-Flops, and Registers
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3.4 Counters, Clocks, and Timing

Chapter 4: 8086 Architecture

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4.1 Execution Unit, Bus Interface Unit, and Fetch Queue
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4.2 Registers and the Programmer's Model
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4.3 Flags and Machine State
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4.4 Segmentation, Physical Addresses, and Endianness

Chapter 5: Addressing Modes and Machine Instructions

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5.1 Instruction Format and Machine-Code Encoding
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5.2 Immediate, Register, and Direct Addressing
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5.3 Indirect, Based, and Indexed Addressing
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5.4 Effective Addresses and Segment Selection

Chapter 6: 8086 Instruction Set

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6.1 Data-Transfer Instructions
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6.2 Arithmetic Instructions and Flags
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6.3 Logic, Shift, and Rotate Instructions
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6.4 Compare, Branch, and Loop Instructions
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6.5 String Instructions and Prefixes

Chapter 7: Assembly-Language Programming

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7.1 Assembly Source, Toolchain, and Debugging
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7.2 Branches, Loops, and State Machines
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7.3 Arrays, Lookup Tables, and Strings
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7.4 Stack, Procedures, and Parameters
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7.5 Macros, Modules, and Program Structure

Chapter 8: CPU Execution and Datapath

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8.1 Fetch, Decode, and Execute
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8.2 Datapath, Registers, and ALU
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8.3 Control Unit and Micro-Operations
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8.4 Instruction Timing and Performance

Chapter 9: Buses and Timing

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9.1 Address, Data, and Control Buses
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9.2 Read, Write, and Acknowledge Cycles
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9.3 Multiplexing, Latches, and Tri-State Buffers
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9.4 Wait States, Bus Arbitration, and 8086 Modes

Chapter 10: Memory Systems and Interfacing

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10.1 RAM, ROM, SRAM, and DRAM
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10.2 Address Decoding and Chip Select
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10.3 Memory Banks and Capacity Expansion
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10.4 Memory Maps and Cache Foundations

Chapter 11: Input/Output Interfacing

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11.1 Isolated and Memory-Mapped I/O
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11.2 Port Decoding, Polling, and Status
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11.3 Handshaking and Parallel Transfer
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11.4 8255, Keyboard, and Display Interfaces

Chapter 12: Interrupt Systems

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12.1 Why Interrupts and Exceptions Matter
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12.2 The 8086 Interrupt Vector Table
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12.3 ISRs, Priority, Masking, and Nesting
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12.4 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller

Chapter 13: Timers, DMA, and Serial Communication

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13.1 8253/8254 Timers and Counters
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13.2 DMA and the 8237 Controller
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13.3 UART and 8251 Serial Communication
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13.4 ADC, DAC, and Sensor Interfacing

Chapter 14: System Capstone and Modern Perspective

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14.1 Capstone Requirements and System Architecture
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14.2 Integrating Memory and Peripherals
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14.3 Interrupt-Driven Software and Verification
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14.4 Modern x86, ARM, and SoC Perspective

SUITABLE AUDIENCE

For learners with no prior hardware or assembly background who want a systematic introduction to microprocessor-based systems.

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